Downloads

https://doi.org/10.62836/iaet.v1i1.1007
Yang, D. . (2022). Process Flow for the Research, Development, and Manufac-Turing of Amodiaquine Dihydrochloride Dihydrate, an Anti-Malarial Drug. Innovations in Applied Engineering and Technology, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.62836/iaet.v1i1.1007
Volume 1, Issue 1

Process Flow for the Research, Development, and Manufac-Turing of Amodiaquine Dihydrochloride Dihydrate, an Anti-Malarial Drug

This study focuses on the synthesis of amodiaquine dihydrochloride dihydrate and evaluates the performance of a new process against existing methods using several key indicators. The target compounds were synthesized successfully through experimental design and data collection, with their quality thoroughly assessed. Results indicate that the new process significantly enhances yield, purity, and crystal structure. Also, by utilizing highly efficient catalysts and finely tuning reaction conditions, the improvements in yield and purity are substantial. The new process not only enhances production efficiency but also significantly reduces waste, aligning well with the principles of green chemistry. Additionally, this paper discusses the potential industrial application of the new process. Despite facing challenges such as equipment costs, scale-up, and market acceptance in its industrialization, the new process's superior performance and promising prospects provide a strong foundation for its future implementation.

antimalarial drugs; Amodiaquine; Dihydrate hydrochloride

References

  1. Zhao Hui, Xiang Z, Zhou L–c, Pan M–h, Yang Z–q. Research Progress of Amodiaquine as an Antimalarial Drug. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 2022; 40(6): 786.
  2. Malaria RB. World Malaria Report 2005; World Health Organization and UNICEF: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
  3. Tuteja R. Malaria- an Overview. The FEBS journal 2007; 274(18): 4670–4679.
  4. Reiter P. Global Warming and Malaria: Knowing the Horse Before Hitching the Cart. Malaria journal 2008; 7: 1–9.
  5. Jiang H, Zeng X, Chen Y. Determination of Artesunate in Artesunate and Amodiaquine Hydrochloride Tablets by HPLC. Chinese Journal of Biochemical Pharmaceutics 2015; 166–168.
  6. Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ. Amodiaquine, Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine, and Combination Therapy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a Randomised Trial. The Lancet 2001; 358(9279): 368–374.
  7. Sun G, Zhan T, Owusu BG, Daniel A–M, Liu G, Jiang W. Revised Reinforcement Learning Based on Anchor Graph Hashing for Autonomous Cell Activation in Cloud–RANs. Future Generation Computer Systems 2020; 104: 60–73.
  8. Li S, Singh K, Riedel N, Yu F, Jahnke I. Digital Learning Experience Design and Research of a Self–Paced Online Course for Risk–Based Inspection of Food Imports. Food Control 2022; 135: 108698.
  9. Yu F, Milord J, Orton S, Flores L, Marra R. Students’ Evaluation Toward Online Teaching Strategies for Engineering Courses during COVID. In Proceedings of the 2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference, Virtual Conference, 13–15 September 2021.
  10. Shen Y, Gu H–M, Qin S, Zhang D–W. Surf4, Cargo Trafficking, Lipid Metabolism, and Therapeutic Implications. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2022; 14(9): mjac063.
  11. Shen Y, Wang B, Deng S, Zhai L, Gu H-M, Alabi A, Xia X, Zhao Y, Chang X, Qin S, Zhang D-W. Surf4 Regulates Expression of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) but Is Not Required for PCSK9 Secretion in Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)–Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 2020; 1865(2): 158555.
  12. Xia D, Alexander AK, Isbell A, Zhang S, Ou J, Liu XM. Establishing a Co–Culture System for Clostridium Cellulovorans and Clostridium Aceticum for High Efficiency Biomass Transformation. J Sci Heal Univ Ala 2017; 14: 8–13.
  13. Wang B, Shen Y, Zhai L, Xia X, Gu H-M, Wang M, Zhao Y, Chang X, Alabi A, Xing S, Deng S, Liu B, Wang G, Qin S, Zhang D-W. Atherosclerosis–Associated Hepatic Secretion of VLDL but Not PCSK9 Is Dependent on Cargo Receptor Protein Surf4. Journal of Lipid Research 2021; 62: 100091.
  14. Wang M, Alabi A, Gu H–M, Gill G, Zhang Z, Jarad S, Xia X–D, Shen Y, Wang G–Q, Zhang D–W. Identification of Amino Acid Residues in the MT–Loop of MT1–MMP Critical for Its Ability to Cleave Low–Density Lipoprotein Receptor. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2022; 9: 917238..
  15. Mock MB, Zhang S, Pniak B, Belt N, Witherspoon M, Summers RM. Substrate Promiscuity of the NdmCDE N7–Demethylase Enzyme Complex. Biotechnology Notes 2021; 2: 18–25.
  16. Liu Y, Liu L, Yang L, Hao L, Bao Y. Measuring Distance Using Ultra–Wideband Radio Technology Enhanced by Extreme Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (XGBoost). Automation in Construction 2021; 126: 103678.
  17. Deng X, Kawano Y. Terahertz Plasmonics and Nano–Carbon Electronics for Nano–Micro Sensing and Imaging. International Journal of Automation Technology 2018; 12(1): 87–96.
  18. Qiu Y. Estimation of Tail Risk Measures in Finance: Approaches to Extreme Value Mixture Modeling; Johns Hopkins University: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2019.
  19. Horne J, Beddingfield E, Knapp M, Mitchell S, Crawford L, Mills SB, Wrist A, Zhang S, Summers RM. Caffeine and Theophylline Inhibit β–Galactosidase Activity and Reduce Expression in Escherichia coli. ACS Omega 2020; 5(50): 32250–32255..
  20. Chen F, Luo Z. Learning Robust Heterogeneous Signal Features from Parallel Neural Network for Audio Sentiment Analysis. 2018. arXiv:1811.08065.
  21. Chen F, Luo Z. Sentiment Analysis Using Deep Robust Complementary Fusion of Multi–Features and Multi–Modalities. 2019. CoRR abs/1904.08138.
  22. Luo Z, Xu H, Chen F. Audio Sentiment Analysis by Heterogeneous Signal Features Learned from Utterance–Based Parallel Neural Network. In Proceedings of the AffCon@ AAAI 2019, Honolulu, HI, USA, 27 January 2019.
  23. Liu Y, Bao Y. Review on Automated Condition Assessment of Pipelines with Machine Learning. Advanced Engineering Informatics 2022; 53: 101687.
  24. Deng X, Kawano Y. Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Midinfrared Photodetector with Multifrequency Resonance. Journal of Nanophotonics 2018; 12(2): 026017–026017.
  25. Deng X, Dong Z, Ma X, Wu H, Wang B, Du X. Exploration on Mechanics Design for Scanning Tunneling Microscope. In Proceedings of the 2009 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China, 14–16 August 2009.
  26. Luo Z, Zeng X, Bao Z, Xu M. Deep Learning–Based Strategy for Macromolecules Classification with Imbalanced Data from Cellular Electron Cryotomography. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Budapest, Hungary, 14–19 July 2019.
  27. Luo Z, Xu H, Chen F. Utterance-Based Audio Sentiment Analysis Learned by a Parallel Combination of CNN and LSTM. 2018. arXiv:1811.08065.
  28. Chen F, Luo Z, Xu Y, Ke D. Complementary Fusion of Multi–Features and Multi–Modalities in Sentiment Analysis. 2019. arXiv:1904.08138.
  29. Rahman K, Khan SU, Fahad S, Chang MX, Abbas A, Khan WU, Rahman L, Haq ZU, Nabi G, Khan D. Nano–Biotechnology: a New Approach to Treat and Prevent Malaria. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2019; 14: 401–1410.
  30. Yabré M, Ferey L, Somé TI, Sivadier G, Gaudin K. Development of a Green HPLC Method for the Analysis of Artesunate and Amodiaquine Impurities Using Quality by Design. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2020; 190: 113507.
  31. De Joarder D, Sarkar R, Mukhopadhyay C. Sustainable Green Technologies for Synthesis of Potential Drugs Targeted Toward Tropical Diseases. In Green Approaches in Medicinal Chemistry for Sustainable Drug Design; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020.
  32. Verdaguer IB, Crispim M, Zafra C A, Sussmann RAC, Buriticá NL, Melo HR, Azevedo MF, Almeida FG, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Exploring Ubiquinone Biosynthesis Inhibition as a Strategy for Improving Atovaquone Efficacy in Malaria. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2021; 65(4): e01516–20.
  33. Abacha YZ, Abacha YZ, Forkuo AD, Gbedema SY, Mittal N, Ottilie S, Rocamora F, Winzeler E, van Schalkwyk DA, Kelly JM, Taylor MC, Reader J, Birkholtz L-M, Lisgarten DR, Cockcroft JK, Lisgarten JN, Palmer RA, Talbert RC, Shnyder SD, Wright CW. Semi–Synthetic Analogues of Cryptolepine as a Potential Source of Sustainable Drugs for the Treatment of Malaria, Human African Trypanosomiasis, and Cancer. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022;13: 875647.
  34. Krampa FD, Aniweh Y, Kanyong P, Awandare GA. Recent Advances in the Development of Biosensors for Malaria Diagnosis. Sensors 2020; 20(3): 799.
  35. Yu F, Milord JO, Flores LY, Marra R. Work in Progress: Faculty Choice and Reflection on Teaching Strategies to Improve Engineering Self–Efficacy. In Proceedings of the 2022 ASEE Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 26–29 June 2022.
  36. Belete TM. Recent Progress in the Development of New Antimalarial Drugs with Novel Targets. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2020; 14: 3875–3889.
  37. Sherman JD. The Green Print: Advancement of Environmental Sustainability in Healthcare. Resources Conservation and Recycling 2020; 161: 104882.

Supporting Agencies

  1. Funding: Not applicable.