Downloads

Kovačević, E., Vrcic, M., & Pavlović, R. (2023). Different Age Term Women in Sport: Anthropological Differences by Sex. Global Sport Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.58195/gss.v1i2.61

Different Age Term Women in Sport: Anthropological Differences by Sex

Abstract:  In informal circles there can still be found division of sport according to criterion of sex, therefore we have so called "male" and "female" sports. Reasons for this division can be found in different places but it seems that gender (in) equality, which was particularly pronounced in the past, is the foundation of this understanding of sports. Tradition observes sport as "male" activity in which certain anthropological dimensions, such as body constitution or muscle strength determine success, dominantly, where participation of women in such activities becomes pointless, unnecessary and irrelevant, because they have "weaker body constitution". This approach and understanding of sport lead to the opinion that historically speaking, women in all aspect of social development didn't have equal rights in doing physical activities and sport, in general, although their needs for movement were and still are on the same level as men's. The goal was to use a descriptive method to analyze and define certain gender differences in the area of anthropological dimensions (morphology, cardiovascular system, functional abilities, body composition, somatic changes during life, ...) on the basis of which certain recommendations were given for physical activity and the training process of women. Playing sports and physical exercise are important for women's health, physical fitness and physical appearance and improve their quality of life. It can be concluded that physical activity has an extremely good and positive effect on the psychophysical state of the female organism and numerous health benefits compared to women who lead a sedentary lifestyle.

anthropological dimensions women sport activity sex differences

References

  1. Alter, M. J. (1996). Science of flexibility. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  2. Anderson, R. A. (1987). Wellnes Medicine. Lynnwood, WA: American Health Press.
  3. Bahrke, M.S. (1979). Exercise, Meditation, and Anxiety Reduction. American Corrective Therapy Journal, 33 (2), 41-44.
  4. Belloc, Berslow (1972). Relationship of Physical Fitness and Health Status. Preventive medicine, 1 (3), 109-121.
  5. Belčić, A. (1998). Analysis of body composition in girls aged 9 to 15 using the anthropometric method. (Graduate thesis). Zagreb: Faculty of Physical Education, University of Zagreb.
  6. Cronk, C.E., Roche, A.F., Kent, R„ Eichorn, D., McCammon, R.W. (1983). Longitudinal trends in subcutaneous fat thickness during adolescence. American Journal of Phvsiological Anthropologv, 63, 197-294.
  7. Drinkwater, B. (ur.) (2000). Women in sport. Cornwall: Blackwell Science.
  8. Ebben, W. P., Jensen, R.L. (1998). Strength training for women:debunking myths that block opportunity. Physican anf sports mediacine, 26(5), 86-97. doi: 10.3810/psm.1998.05.1020.
  9. Fleck, W., Kraemer, S. (1997). Designing resisitance training programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  10. Guyton AC, Hall JE, & Saunders WB (1999). Medical physiology (translation of the IX edition). Contemporary administration Belgrade.
  11. Greydanaus, D., & Patel, D. (2002). The female athlete before and beyond puberty. Pediatr Clin N Am., 49, 553–580. doi: 10.1016/S0031- 3955(02)00005-6
  12. Griffin, S.J., Trinder, J. (1978). Physical Fitness, Exercise, and Human Sleep. Psychophysiology, 15 (5), 447-450.
  13. Idrizović, K. (2007). Women in sport, global aspects. Current affairs in prexi-collection of papers. Provincial Sports Institute. Novi Sad
  14. Ireland, M., & Ott, S. (2004). Special conserns of the female athlete. Clin Sports Med, 23, 281–289. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2004.04.003;
  15. Lovrenčić, I. (1999). The influence of the three-month individual systematic training of new body aerobics on changes in some morphological characteristics, functional; motor skills. (Graduate thesis). Zagreb: Faculty of Physical Culture, University of Zagreb.
  16. Malina, R.M, Bouchard, C. (1991). Age- and sex-associated variation in growth. U R.M. Malina i C. Bouchard (ur.), Growth, maturation and phvsical activitv (str. 37-168). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  17. Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C, Bar-Or, O. (2004). Growth, maturation andphysical activity. Champaign IL: Human Kinetics.
  18. Mišigoj-Duraković, M. (2006). Kinanthropology - biological aspects of physical exercise. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb.
  19. Medved, R., Matković, B., Mišigoj-Duraković., M, Pavičić, L. (1987). Some physiological-functional indicators of growth and development of female children and youth, aged 8-18. years. Sports medicine gazette, 24(3-4), 10-15.
  20. Medved, R., Matković, B.R., Mišigoj-Duraković, M., Pavičić, L. (1989). Some physiological-functional indicators in male children and youth from 8 to 18 years of age. Medical Journal, 21(1-2), 5-9.
  21. Medved, R., Mišigoj-Duraković M., Matković B.R., Pavičić, L. (1989). Growth indicators of school children and male youth from 8 to 18 years of age. Medical Journal, 21(1-2), 1-4.
  22. Medved, R., Mišigoj-Duraković, M., Medved, V. (1993). Sexual dimorphism in growth between 8 and 18 years - a longitudinal study. International Journal of Anthropologv, 8(1), 1-9.
  23. Nieman, D. (1990). Fitness and sports medicine. An introduction. Palo Alto: Bull Publ. Comp.
  24. Morgan, J. (1970). Psychological Effects of Chronic Physical Activity. Medical Science Sports. 2 (4), 3213-217.
  25. Ostojić, S. (2007). Biomedical aspects of women participating in sports and exercise. Current in the prexi-collection of papers. Provincial Sports Institute. Novi Sad.
  26. Ponorac, N., Palija, S., Popović, M. (2013). Women and sport. SportLogia, 9 (1), 1–7.
  27. Prince, R. (1991). Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Comparative Study of Exercise, Calcium Supplementation, and Hormone Replacement Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, svezak 325, br. 17, str. 1189-1204
  28. Prior JC, Vigna Y, Sciarretta D, Alojado N, Schulzer M. (1987). Conditioning Exercise Decreases Premenstrual Symptoms: A Prospective, Controlled 6-month Trial. Fertility and Sterility, 47 (3), 402-408. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59045-1.
  29. Šebić, L., Podrug-Arapović, M. (2012). Aerobic aerobic gymnastics. University of Sarajevo - Faculty of Sports and Physical Education
  30. Šimek, S., Nakić, J., Trošt, T. (2003). Specificities of fitness training of female athletes". Fitness preparation of athletes. Zagreb, Croatian Association of Fitness Trainers, p. 64-72.
  31. Worth, B.P. (1978). Running Through Pregnancy. Runner's World, pp. 54-59
  32. Pavišić-Medved, V. (1987). Woman and sport. In R. Medved et al. (ed.), Sports medicine, 2nd edition (pp. 495-521). Zagreb: JUMENA.
  33. Sanchez-Andres, A. (1991). Fatness and fat pattering in relation to age changes and menarche. International Journal of Anthropology 6(4), 197-205.
  34. Vercruyssen, M, Shelton, L. (1988). Intraseason changes in body composition of collegiate female gymnasts. Journal of Sports Sciences, 6, 205-217.
  35. Wilmore, J.H., Buskirk, E.R., Digirolamo, M., Lohman, T. (1986). Body composition. A round-table. Phvsician and Sports Medicine, 14, 144-162.
  36. Wilmore. J., Costill, D. (1997). Physiology of sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  37. Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L. (1999). Sex differences and the female athlete. U J.H. Wilmore i D.L. Costill (ur.), Physiology of sport and exercise. 2nd edition (pp. 571- 606). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  38. Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L. (1999). Growth, development, and the young athlete. U J.H. Wilmore i D.L. Costill (ur.), Physiology of sport and exercise. 2nd edition (pp. 517-542.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  39. Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L. (2004). Sex difference in sport and exercise. U J.H. Wilmore i D.L. Costill (ur.), Physiology of sport and exercise. 3. edition (pp. 565- 602). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  40. Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L. (2004). Children and adolescents in sport and exercise. U J.H. Wilmore i D.L. Costill (ur.), Physiology of sport and exercise. 3. edition (pp. 512-537). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic.
  41. Wilmore, J.H., Costill, D.L. (2004). Body weight, body composition and sport. U J. Wilmore i D.L. Costill (ur.), Physiology of sport and exercise (pp. 447-469). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
  42. Yeager, K., Agostini, A., Nattiv, A., & Drinkwater, B. (1993). The female athlete triad: disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 25, 775–777. doi: 10.1249/00005768
  43. Young R.J. (1979). Effect of Regular Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Personality. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 13 (3), 110-117.
  44. Zaciorski,V., Kremer,V. (2009). Science and practice in strength training. Data status. Belgrade

Supporting Agencies

  1. University of Sarajevo
  2. University of East Sarajevo